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What Animals Lived During The Triassic Period

Written By Saturday, May 14, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Start menstruation of the Mesozoic Era 252–201 million years ago

Triassic
251.902 ± 0.024 – 201.36 ± 0.17 Ma

PreꞒ

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Pg

Due north
Chronology
Etymology
Proper noun formality Formal
Usage information
Angelic torso Earth
Regional usage Global (ICS)
Time calibration(southward) used ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit Period
Stratigraphic unit System
Time bridge formality Formal
Lower boundary definition Start advent of the conodont Hindeodus parvus
Lower boundary GSSP Meishan, Zhejiang, Mainland china
31°04′47″Northward 119°42′21″E  /  31.0798°N 119.7058°East  / 31.0798; 119.7058
GSSP ratified 2001[six]
Upper purlieus definition First appearance of the ammonite Psiloceras spelae tirolicum
Upper boundary GSSP Kuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Republic of austria
47°29′02″Northward 11°31′50″Due east  /  47.4839°N 11.5306°E  / 47.4839; eleven.5306
GSSP ratified 2010[vii]

The Triassic ( try-ASS-ik)[eight] is a geologic period and arrangement which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 meg years ago (Mya), to the offset of the Jurassic Flow 201.36 Mya.[nine] The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the commencement and end of the period are marked past major extinction events.[x] The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, Center Triassic and Late Triassic.

The Triassic began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction issue, which left the Earth's biosphere impoverished; it was well into the center of the Triassic before life recovered its former diversity. Reptiles, especially archosaurs, were the master terrestrial vertebrates during this time. A specialized subgroup of archosaurs, called dinosaurs, start appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period.[11] Archosaurs that became dominant in this period were primarily pseudosuchians, ancestors of modern crocodilians, while some archosaurs specialized in flight, the kickoff time amid vertebrates, becoming the pterosaurs.

Therapsids, the dominant vertebrates of the preceding Permian period, declined due to contest with archosaurs. The first true mammals, themselves a specialized subgroup of therapsids, also evolved during this period. The vast supercontinent of Pangaea existed until the mid-Triassic, after which information technology began to gradually rift into two split landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the s.

The global climate during the Triassic was generally hot and dry out,[12] with deserts spanning much of Pangaea's interior. Even so, the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to migrate apart. The end of the period was marked past yet some other major mass extinction, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, that wiped out many groups, including most pseudosuchians, and allowed dinosaurs to presume say-so in the Jurassic.

Etymology [edit]

The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti, after a succession of 3 singled-out rock layers (Greek triás meaning 'triad') that are widespread in southern Deutschland: the lower Buntsandstein (colourful sandstone), the heart Muschelkalk (shell-bearing limestone) and the upper Keuper (coloured clay).[thirteen]

Dating and subdivisions [edit]

On the geologic time scale, the Triassic is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late Triassic Epochs, and the respective rocks are referred to as Lower, Middle, or Upper Triassic. The faunal stages from the youngest to oldest are:

Serial/Epoch Faunal stage Time bridge
Upper/Late Triassic (Tr3) Rhaetian (208.5 – 201.3 ± 0.2 Mya)
Norian (227 – 208.5 Mya)
Carnian (237 – 227 Mya)
Heart Triassic (Tr2) Ladinian (242 – 237 Mya)
Anisian (247.ii – 242 Mya)
Lower/Early Triassic (Scythian) Olenekian (251.ii – 247.2 Mya)
Induan (251.902 ± 0.024 – 251.2 Mya)

Paleogeography [edit]

230 Ma tectonic plate reconstruction

230 Ma continental reconstruction

During the Triassic, virtually all the World'southward land mass was concentrated into a single supercontinent centered more or less on the equator and spanning from pole to pole, chosen Pangaea (lit. 'entire land'). From the e, along the equator, the Tethys sea penetrated Pangaea, causing the Paleo-Tethys Body of water to be closed.

Later in the mid-Triassic a similar sea penetrated along the equator from the west. The remaining shores were surrounded by the world-ocean known every bit Panthalassa (lit. 'entire sea'). All the deep-ocean sediments laid downwards during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very fiddling is known of the Triassic open bounding main.

The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in that period—but had non yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangaea, which separated New Jersey from Morocco, are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Group.[fifteen]

Because a super-continental mass has less shoreline compared to one broken upwardly, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare, despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for instance, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is generally based on organisms that lived in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such every bit Estheria crustaceans.

Africa [edit]

At the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, Africa was joined with World'due south other continents in Pangaea.[16] Africa shared the supercontinent's relatively uniform animal which was dominated by theropods, prosauropods and primitive ornithischians by the close of the Triassic Period.[16] Late Triassic fossils are institute throughout Africa, but are more than common in the s than north.[sixteen] The time boundary separating the Permian and Triassic marks the appearance of an extinction event with global bear upon, although African strata from this time flow accept not been thoroughly studied.[16]

Scandinavia [edit]

During the Triassic peneplains are thought to accept formed in what is at present Norway and southern Sweden.[17] [eighteen] [19] Remnants of this peneplain can exist traced as a tilted superlative accordance in the Swedish West Declension.[17] In northern Norway Triassic peneplains may have been buried in sediments to be then re-exposed as coastal plains called strandflats.[18] Dating of illite clay from a strandflat of Bømlo, southern Kingdom of norway, have shown that landscape there became weathered in Late Triassic times (c. 210 million years ago) with the mural likely likewise being shaped during that time.[20]

Paleooceanography [edit]

Eustatic sea level was consistently depression compared to the other geological periods for the unabridged Triassic. The beginning of the Triassic was around nowadays sea level, rise to about 10–xx g higher up sea level during the Early on and Heart Triassic. Beginning in the Ladinan, the sea level began to rising, culminating with the sea level being up to 50 metres in a higher place present during the Carnian. The sea level declined beginning in the Norian, reaching a low of 50 metres beneath present sea level during the mid-Rhaetian, which continued into the earliest Jurassic. The long term sea level tendency is superimposed with 22 sea level driblet events widespread in the geologic record, more often than not of minor (<25 metres) and medium (25–75 metres) magnitudes. Lack of evidence for Triassic continental ice sheets advise that glacial eustasy is unlikely to exist the cause of these changes.[21]

Climate [edit]

The Triassic continental interior climate was generally hot and dry, then that typical deposits are cherry bed sandstones and evaporites. At that place is no bear witness of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles. Pangaea's large size limited the moderating issue of the global bounding main; its continental climate was highly seasonal, with very hot summers and cold winters.[22] The stiff contrast between the Pangea supercontinent and the global ocean triggered intense cross-equatorial monsoons.[22]

The Triassic may accept generally been a dry out period, but evidence exists that information technology was punctuated by several episodes of increased rainfall in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the Tethys Sea and its surrounding land.[23] Sediments and fossils suggestive of a more humid climate are known from the Anisian to Ladinian of the Tethysian domain, and from the Carnian and Rhaetian of a larger surface area that includes too the Boreal domain (e.m., Svalbard Islands), the Northward American continent, the S China block and Argentina.

The all-time studied of such episodes of boiling climate, and probably the near intense and widespread, was the Carnian Pluvial Upshot. A 2020 study found bubbles of carbon dioxide in basaltic rocks dating back to the end of the Triassic, and concluded that volcanic activeness helped trigger climatic change in that period.[24]

Life [edit]

Three categories of organisms can be distinguished in the Triassic record: survivors from the Permian–Triassic extinction consequence, new groups which flourished briefly, and other new groups which went on to dominate the Mesozoic Era.

Flora [edit]

On land, the surviving vascular plants included the lycophytes, the ascendant cycadophytes, ginkgophyta (represented in modern times by Ginkgo biloba), ferns, horsetails and glossopterids. The spermatophytes, or seed plants, came to boss the terrestrial flora: in the northern hemisphere, conifers, ferns and bennettitales flourished. The seed fern genus Dicroidium would dominate Gondwana throughout the period.

Plankton [edit]

Before the Permian extinction, Archaeplastida (blood-red and greenish algae) had been the major marine phytoplanktons since nearly 659–645 million years agone,[25] when they replaced marine planktonic blue-green alga, which beginning appeared about 800 1000000 years ago, equally the ascendant phytoplankton in the oceans.[26] In the Triassic, secondary endosymbiotic algae became the most important plankton.[27]

Marine animal [edit]

Center Triassic marginal marine sequence, southwestern Utah

In marine environments, new modern types of corals appeared in the Early on Triassic, forming small patches of reefs of pocket-sized extent compared to the great reef systems of Devonian or modern times. Serpulids appeared in the Heart Triassic.[29] Microconchids were abundant. The shelled cephalopods called ammonites recovered, diversifying from a single line that survived the Permian extinction.

The fish beast was remarkably uniform, with many families and genera exhibiting a global distribution in the wake of the mass extinction event.[thirty] Ray-finned fishes went through a remarkable diversification during the Triassic, leading to peak variety during the Centre Triassic; notwithstanding, the pattern of this diversification is still not well understood due to a taphonomic megabias.[31] There were likewise many types of marine reptiles. These included the Sauropterygia, which featured pachypleurosaurus and nothosaurs (both common during the Middle Triassic, particularly in the Tethys region), placodonts, and the kickoff plesiosaurs. The first of the lizardlike Thalattosauria (askeptosaurs) and the highly successful ichthyosaurs, which appeared in Early Triassic seas soon diversified, and some eventually developed to huge size during the Tardily Triassic. Subequatorial saurichthyids and birgeriids have besides been described in Early Triassic strata.[32]

Terrestrial and freshwater fauna [edit]

Groups of terrestrial creature, which appeared in the Triassic Period or achieved a new level of evolutionary success during it include:[33] [34]

  • Lungfish: the lakes and rivers were populated past lungfish (Dipnoi), such equally Ceratodus, which are mainly known from the dental plates, abundant in the fossils record.[35]
  • Temnospondyls: i of the largest groups of early amphibians, temnospondyls originated during the Carboniferous and were however significant. One time arable in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, the terrestrial species had mostly been replaced past reptiles. The Triassic survivors were aquatic or semi-aquatic, and were represented past Tupilakosaurus, Thabanchuia, Branchiosauridae and Micropholis, all of which died out in Early on Triassic, and the successful Stereospondyli, with survivors into the Cretaceous Period. The largest of these, such equally the Mastodonsaurus were up to 13 feet in length.[36] [37]
  • Rhynchosaurs, butt-gutted herbivores which thrived for only a short period of time, becoming extinct nigh 220 meg years ago. They were exceptionally abundant in Triassic, the chief large herbivores in many ecosystems. They sheared plants with their beaks and several rows of teeth on the roof of the oral fissure.
  • Phytosaurs: archosaurs that prospered during the Late Triassic. These long-snouted and semiaquatic predators resemble living crocodiles and probably had a like lifestyle, hunting for fish and pocket-sized reptiles around the water'due south edge. However this resemblance is only superficial and is a prime-case of convergent development.
  • Aetosaurs: heavily armored archosaurs that were mutual during the final xxx one thousand thousand years of the Late Triassic but died out at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Most aetosaurs were herbivorous, and fed on low-growing plants just some may accept eaten meat.
  • Rauisuchians, another group of archosaurs, which were the keystone predators of near Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Over 25 species have been establish, and include behemothic quadrupedal hunters, sleek bipedal omnivores, and lumbering beasts with deep sails on their backs. They probably occupied the large-predator niche afterward filled by theropods.
  • Theropods: dinosaurs that first evolved in the Triassic Period but did not evolve into large sizes until the Jurassic. Most Triassic theropods, such as the Coelophysis, were but around ane–2 meters long and hunted minor prey in the shadow of the behemothic Rauisuchians.
  • Cynodonts, a large group that includes truthful mammals. The kickoff cynodonts evolved in the Permian, but many groups prospered during the Triassic. Their characteristic mammalian features included hair, a large brain, and upright posture. Many were small but several forms were enormous and filled a large herbivore niche before the evolution of sauropodomorph dinosaurs, as well equally big-sized carnivorous niches.

The Permian–Triassic extinction devastated terrestrial life. Biodiversity rebounded every bit the surviving species repopulated empty terrain, but these were short-lived. Various communities with complex nutrient-web structures took 30 million years to reestablish.[10]

Temnospondyl amphibians were among those groups that survived the Permian–Triassic extinction; some lineages (e.g. trematosaurs) flourished briefly in the Early on Triassic, while others (e.g. capitosaurs) remained successful throughout the whole period, or merely came to prominence in the Tardily Triassic (east.g. Plagiosaurus, metoposaurs). As for other amphibians, the first Lissamphibia, progenitors of starting time frogs, are known from the Early Triassic, but the group equally a whole did non get common until the Jurassic, when the temnospondyls had get very rare.

Well-nigh of the Reptiliomorpha, stem-amniotes that gave rise to the amniotes, disappeared in the Triassic, but 2 water-dwelling house groups survived: Embolomeri that but survived into the early role of the period, and the Chroniosuchia, which survived until the end of the Triassic.

Archosauromorph reptiles, especially archosaurs, progressively replaced the synapsids that had dominated the previous Permian Menstruum. Cynognathus was the characteristic height predator in earlier Triassic (Olenekian and Anisian) on Gondwana. Both kannemeyeriid dicynodonts and gomphodont cynodonts remained important herbivores during much of the period, and ecteniniids played a role as large-sized, cursorial predators in the Tardily Triassic. During the Carnian (early part of the Late Triassic), some avant-garde cynodonts gave rising to the kickoff mammals. At the same time the Ornithodira, which until then had been small and insignificant, evolved into pterosaurs and a variety of dinosaurs. The Crurotarsi were the other important archosaur clade, and during the Late Triassic these also reached the height of their diverseness, with various groups including the phytosaurs, aetosaurs, several distinct lineages of Rauisuchia, and the first crocodylians (the Sphenosuchia). Meanwhile, the stocky herbivorous rhynchosaurs and the small-scale to medium-sized insectivorous or piscivorous Prolacertiformes were important basal archosauromorph groups throughout most of the Triassic.

Among other reptiles, the earliest turtles, like Proganochelys and Proterochersis, appeared during the Norian Historic period (Stage) of the Late Triassic Flow. The Lepidosauromorpha, specifically the Sphenodontia, are beginning establish in the fossil record of the before Carnian Age. The Procolophonidae, the final surviving pararepiles were an important group of minor lizard-like herbivores. A clade known every bit the drepanosaurs lived in the copse, and had birdlike heads, spezialised claws and chameleon-like traits. Tanystropheus was a reptile with a cervix longer than its body, and Teraterpeton which had several unusal features like a long beaklike snout. Also the genus Shringasaurus, horned herbivores that reached a torso length of iii–iv metres (9.8–13.1 ft).

During the Triassic, archosaurs displaced therapsids as the ascendant amniotes. This "Triassic Takeover" may have contributed to the evolution of mammals by forcing the surviving therapsids and their mammaliaform successors to alive as modest, mainly nocturnal insectivores. Nocturnal life may have forced the mammaliaforms to develop fur and a higher metabolic rate.[38]

  • Postosuchus An apex predator of its time which preyed on anything smaller than itself

  • Lystrosaurus was the most mutual land vertebrate during the Early Triassic, when animal life had been profoundly diminished

  • Reconstruction of Proterosuchus, a genus of crocodile-like carnivorous reptile that existed in the Early Triassic

Coal [edit]

Immediately above the Permian–Triassic boundary the glossopteris flora was of a sudden[39] largely displaced by an Australia-wide coniferous flora.

No known coal deposits appointment from the start of the Triassic Period. This is known every bit the "coal gap" and can be seen as office of the Permian–Triassic extinction upshot.[40] Possible explanations for the coal gap include sharp drops in sea level at the time of the Permo-Triassic boundary;[41] acid pelting from the Siberian Traps eruptions or from an bear on upshot that overwhelmed acidic swamps; climate shift to a greenhouse climate that was too hot and dry for peat accumulation; evolution of fungi or herbivores that were more destructive of wetlands; the extinction of all plants adapted to peat swamps, with a hiatus of several million years before new plant species evolved that were adapted to peat swamps;[40] or soil anoxia as oxygen levels plummeted.[42]

Lagerstätten [edit]

The Monte San Giorgio lagerstätte, now in the Lake Lugano region of northern Italy and Switzerland, was in Triassic times a lagoon behind reefs with an anoxic lesser layer, and then at that place were no scavengers and niggling turbulence to disturb fossilization, a situation that can be compared to the ameliorate-known Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone lagerstätte.

The remains of fish and various marine reptiles (including the mutual pachypleurosaur Neusticosaurus, and the baroque long-necked archosauromorph Tanystropheus), along with some terrestrial forms like Ticinosuchus and Macrocnemus, accept been recovered from this locality. All these fossils appointment from the Anisian/Ladinian transition (most 237 million years ago).

Triassic–Jurassic extinction outcome [edit]

The mass extinction result is marked by 'End Tr'

The Triassic Menstruation concluded with a mass extinction, which was particularly astringent in the oceans; the conodonts disappeared, as did all the marine reptiles except ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Invertebrates like brachiopods and molluscs (such as gastropods) were severely affected. In the oceans, 22% of marine families and perchance nigh half of marine genera went missing.

Though the end-Triassic extinction event was not every bit devastating in all terrestrial ecosystems, several of import clades of crurotarsans (large archosaurian reptiles previously grouped together equally the thecodonts) disappeared, as did most of the large labyrinthodont amphibians, groups of modest reptiles, and most synapsids. Some of the early on, primitive dinosaurs too became extinct, but more adaptive ones survived to evolve into the Jurassic. Surviving plants that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world included modernistic conifers and cycadeoids.

The cause of the Late Triassic extinction is uncertain. It was accompanied past huge volcanic eruptions that occurred as the supercontinent Pangaea began to suspension autonomously about 202 to 191 million years ago (40Ar/39Ar dates),[43] forming the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (Military camp),[44] one of the largest known inland volcanic events since the planet had start cooled and stabilized. Other possible just less likely causes for the extinction events include global cooling or even a bolide touch, for which an impact crater containing Manicouagan Reservoir in Quebec, Canada, has been singled out. Withal, the Manicouagan impact cook has been dated to 214±1 Mya. The date of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary has likewise been more than accurately fixed recently, at 201.three Mya. Both dates are gaining accuracy past using more accurate forms of radiometric dating, in particular the decay of uranium to lead in zircons formed at time of the bear on. So, the bear witness suggests the Manicouagan touch on preceded the finish of the Triassic by approximately x±2 Ma. It could not therefore be the immediate crusade of the observed mass extinction.[45]

Skull of a Triassic Menstruation phytosaur establish in the Petrified Forest National Park

The number of Late Triassic extinctions is disputed. Some studies suggest that there are at to the lowest degree 2 periods of extinction towards the end of the Triassic, separated by 12 to 17 meg years. But arguing confronting this is a recent study of Due north American faunas. In the Petrified Forest of northeast Arizona there is a unique sequence of late Carnian-early on Norian terrestrial sediments. An analysis in 2002 found no significant change in the paleoenvironment.[46] Phytosaurs, the nearly mutual fossils there, experienced a alter-over only at the genus level, and the number of species remained the same. Some aetosaurs, the next near common tetrapods, and early dinosaurs, passed through unchanged. However, both phytosaurs and aetosaurs were amidst the groups of archosaur reptiles completely wiped out by the end-Triassic extinction event.

It seems likely then that there was some sort of cease-Carnian extinction, when several herbivorous archosauromorph groups died out, while the big herbivorous therapsids—the kannemeyeriid dicynodonts and the traversodont cynodonts—were much reduced in the northern half of Pangaea (Laurasia).

These extinctions inside the Triassic and at its stop allowed the dinosaurs to expand into many niches that had become unoccupied. Dinosaurs became increasingly dominant, arable and diverse, and remained that way for the next 150 1000000 years. The true "Age of Dinosaurs" is during the following Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, rather than the Triassic.

Run into also [edit]

  • Geologic time scale
  • List of fossil sites (with link directory)
  • Phylloceratina
  • Dinosaurs

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early on Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Scientific discipline. 8 (196): 1–16. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
  2. ^ McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. West. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Development. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
  3. ^ Retallack, Grand. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and eye Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29 .
  4. ^ Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Bike During Recovery from the Cease-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391.
  5. ^ Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix Grand. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN978-0-444-63771-0.
  6. ^ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Purlieus" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–14. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004 . Retrieved 8 Dec 2020.
  7. ^ Hillebrandt, A.v.; Krystyn, L.; Kürschner, W. Grand.; et al. (September 2013). "The Global Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Jurassic Organization at Kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria)". Episodes. 36 (3): 162–98. CiteSeerX10.1.1.736.9905. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/001. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  8. ^ "Triassic". Dictionary.com Entire (Online). n.d.
  9. ^ Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Curtailed Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–49. ISBN978-0-444-63771-0.
  10. ^ a b Sahney, S. & Benton, K.J. (2008). "Recovery from the well-nigh profound mass extinction of all fourth dimension". Proceedings of the Imperial Gild B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:x.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC2596898. PMID 18198148.
  11. ^ Brusatte, S. 50.; Benton, M. J.; Ruta, K.; Lloyd, G. T. (2008-09-12). "Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs" (PDF). Science. 321 (5895): 1485–88. Bibcode:2008Sci...321.1485B. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1161833. hdl:20.500.11820/00556baf-6575-44d9-af39-bdd0b072ad2b. PMID 18787166. S2CID 13393888. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-24. Retrieved 2012-01-14 .
  12. ^ "'Lethally Hot' Earth Was Devoid of Life – Could Information technology Happen Again?". nationalgeographic.com. xix October 2012.
  13. ^ Friedrich von Alberti, Beitrag zu einer Monographie des bunten Sandsteins, Muschelkalks und Keupers, und die Verbindung dieser Gebilde zu einer Formation [Contribution to a monograph on the colored sandstone, shell limestone and mudstone, and the joining of these structures into i formation] (Stuttgart and Tübingen, (Germany): J. G. Cotta, 1834). Alberti coined the term "Trias" on page 324 :
    "… bunter Sandstein, Muschelkalk und Keuper das Resultat einer Periode, ihre Versteinerungen, um mich der Worte E. de Beaumont's zu bedeinen, die Thermometer einer geologischen Epoche seyen, … too die bis jezt beobachtete Trennung dieser Gebilde in three Formationen nicht angemessen, und es mehr dem Begriffe Formation entsprechend sey, sie zu einer Germination, welche ich vorläufig Trias nennen will, zu verbinden."
    ( … colored sandstone, shell limestone, and mudstone are the upshot of a menses; their fossils are, to avail myself of the words of E. de Beaumont, the thermometer of a geologic epoch; … thus the separation of these structures into 3 formations, which has been maintained until now, isn't appropriate, and it is more consistent with the concept of "formation" to bring together them into ane germination, which for at present I will proper noun "trias".)
  14. ^ Herbert, Chris; Helby, Robin (1980). A Guide to the Sydney basin. Maitland, NSW: Geological Survey of NSW. p. 582. ISBN978-0-7240-1250-3.
  15. ^ "Lecture 10 – Triassic: Newark, Chinle". rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu.
  16. ^ a b c d Jacobs, Louis, 50. (1997). "African Dinosaurs." Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Edited by Phillip J. Currie and Kevin Padian. Academic Press. pp. 2–4.
  17. ^ a b Lidmar-Bergström, Karna (1993). "Denudation surfaces and tectonics in the southernmost part of the Baltic Shield". Precambrian Research. 64 (i–4): 337–45. Bibcode:1993PreR...64..337L. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(93)90086-h.
  18. ^ a b Olesen, Odleiv; Kierulf, Halfdan Pascal; Brönner, Marco; Dalsegg, Einar; Fredin, Ola; Solbakk, Terje (2013). "Deep weathering, neotectonics and strandflat formation in Nordland, northern Norway". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 93: 189–213.
  19. ^ Japsen, Peter; Greenish, Paul F; Bonow, Johan Thousand; Erlström, Mikael (2016). "Episodic burial and exhumation of the southern Baltic Shield: Epeirogenic uplifts during and after intermission-upwards of Pangaea". Gondwana Inquiry. 35: 357–77. Bibcode:2016GondR..35..357J. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.06.005.
  20. ^ Fredin, Ola; Viola, Giulio; Zwingmann, Horst; Sørlie, Ronald; Brönner, Marco; Lie, Jan-Erik; Margrethe Grandal, Else; Müller, Axel; Margeth, Annina; Vogt, Christoph; Knies, Jochen (2017). "The inheritance of a Mesozoic landscape in western Scandinavia". Nature. 8: 14879. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814879F. doi:10.1038/ncomms14879. PMC5477494. PMID 28452366.
  21. ^ Haq, Bilal U. (December 2018). "Triassic Eustatic Variations Reexamined". GSA Today. Geological Society of America. 28 (12): 4–9. doi:10.1130/GSATG381A.1. S2CID 134477691.
  22. ^ a b Stanley, 452–53.
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References [edit]

  • Emiliani, Cesare. (1992). Planet World: Cosmology, Geology, & the Development of Life & the Environs. Cambridge University Printing. (Paperback Edition ISBN 0-521-40949-7)
  • Ogg, Jim; June, 2004, Overview of Global Purlieus Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP'due south) Stratigraphy.org, Accessed Apr 30, 2006
  • Stanley, Steven M. Earth Arrangement History. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. ISBN 0-7167-2882-vi
  • Sues, Hans-Dieter & Fraser, Nicholas C. Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Series: Critical Moments and Perspectives in Earth History and Paleobiology. ISBN 978-0-231-13522-1
  • van Andel, Tjeerd, (1985) 1994, New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Alter, Cambridge University Press

External links [edit]

  • Overall introduction
  • 'The Triassic world'
  • Douglas Henderson'southward illustrations of Triassic animals [ permanent dead link ]
  • Paleofiles page on the Triassic extinctions
  • Examples of Triassic Fossils
  • Triassic (chronostratigraphy scale)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic

Posted by: bradleypand1956.blogspot.com

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